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		<title>El impacto del ebook en la Feria de Durango</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/el-impacto-del-ebook-en-la-feria-de-durango/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2009 21:36:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[La feria del libro y del disco vasco de Durango es una feria que se celebra anualmente en la localidad vizcaína de Durango (Vizcaya)  durante la primera quincena de diciembre.
Año tras año ha ido presentando novedades relacionadas con el mundo de la música y la lectura. Este año, en su 44º edición, la feria de [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=89&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><strong>La feria del libro y del disco vasco de Durango</strong> es una feria que se celebra anualmente en la localidad vizcaína de Durango (Vizcaya)  durante la primera quincena de diciembre.</p>
<p>Año tras año ha ido presentando novedades relacionadas con el mundo de la música y la lectura. Este año, en su 44º edición, la feria de Durango ha presentado 459 novedades editoriales repartidas en 292 stands, entre las que se encuentra la de los libros digitales o, lo que es lo mismo, los e-books. Se convierte en escaparate de la cultura vasca, ya que durante cinco dias la Azoka es para muchos el epicentro de las novedades literarias y musicales del año.</p>
<p>La gran novedad y protagonista de este año ha sido la presentación del libro digital.  Como explicaron Jorge Jiménez, presidente de la Asociación de Editores Vascos y editor de Alberdania; Enric Faura, responsable del portal edi.cat; e Ignacio Latasa, director de Leer-e, empresa distribuidora del lector electrónico “<em>el libro electrónico va a suponer una revolución en el mundo editorial. Es una oportunidad para las lenguas minoritarias porque dan mayor visibilidad y permite una divulgación a menor precio”.</em>Latasa afirma que no es una amenaza para los libros de papel y no va a suponer la desaparición del “formato tradicional”.</p>
<p>Los puestos destinados a este nuevo formato de libro estuvieron destinados a informar a los ciudadanos de esta nueva forma de lectura.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://blog.editorialcm.es/__oneclick_uploads/2008/09/sony_ebook.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="293" /></p>
<p><em>Fuentes</em></p>
<ul>
<li>Durangoko Azoka: <a href="http://www.durangokoazoka.com/news">http://www.durangokoazoka.com/n</a>ews</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Eitb Kultura: <a href="http://www.eitb.com/cultura/noticias/detalle/308501/el-libro-digital-nueva-forma-leer-tambien-llega-azoka/">http://www.eitb.com/cultura/noticias/detalle/308501/el-libro-digital-nueva-forma-leer-tambien-llega-azoka/</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Eitb Radio: <a href="http://www.eitb.com/radio/radio-euskadi/detalle/308899/el-libro-digital-protagonista-azoka-durango/">http://www.eitb.com/radio/radio-euskadi/detalle/308899/el-libro-digital-protagonista-azoka-durango/</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Recopilación y Conservación del Patrimonio Digital</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2009/11/13/recopilacion-y-conservacion-del-patrimonio-digital/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 22:33:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Según la UNESCO, el Patrimonio Digital consiste en &#8221; recursos únicos que son fruto del saber o la expresión de los seres humanos. Comprende recursos del carácter cultural, educativo, científico o administrativo e información técnica, jurídica, medica y de otras clases, que se generan directamente en formato digital o se convierten a éste a partir de material analógico ya existente&#8220;.
La preservación se define [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=72&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Según la UNESCO, el <strong>Patrimonio Digital</strong> consiste en &#8221; <em>recursos únicos que son fruto del saber o la expresión de los seres humanos. Comprende recursos del carácter cultural, educativo, científico o administrativo e información técnica, jurídica, medica y de otras clases, que se generan directamente en formato digital o se convierten a éste a partir de material analógico ya existente</em>&#8220;.</p>
<p>La <strong>preservación</strong> se define como &#8220;<em>el conjunto de procesos destinados a garantizar la continuidad de los elementos de patrimonio digital durante todo el tiempo que se consideren necesarios&#8221;. Su objetivo es mantener la accesibilidad a los objetos digitales, es decir, &#8220;la capacidad de tener acceso a su mensaje o propósito esencial y autentico</em>&#8220;.  Hoy en día, el ámbito tecnologico cuenta con grandes avances . De esta forma, gran parte de la información actual se recoge de  forma digitales. La labor del profesional es seleccionar los documentos digitales más notables para su <strong>recopilación</strong>. Una vez que se ha llevado a cabo la recopilación, los programas de preservación deben  tratar los objetos digitales de diferentes formas:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Objetos digitales</strong>: (CD-ROM, DVD…) cuyas tareas son las mismas que las llevadas a cabo con los documentos convencionales. La única diferencia es que su contenido se vuelca en un soporte magnético para facilitar su acceso y difusión a través de una red de comunicación.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Objetos en línea</strong>: El sujeto obligado transmite la publicación al repositorio o le autoriza a acceder al sistema automático para descargar el documento, o el editor se ve obligado a remitir a la biblioteca depositaria una copia en soporte óptico o magnético de cada nueva edición. Aparte de los ficheros, la transferencia supone la remisión de la documentación técnica. Una vez adquiridos los documentos, el centro deberá seguir un procedimiento para garantizar la calidad de éstos: verificar archivos, comprobar su accesibilidad, cotejar la pertinencia de los metadatos&#8230;</li>
</ul>
<p>El Patrimonio Digital presenta algunas dificultades a la hora de recopilar dichos documentos, como por ejemplo:</p>
<ul>
<li>La cantidad de material a evaluar es relativamente elevada.</li>
<li>Hay numerosos medios que son utilizados para producir y difundir los materiales digitales.</li>
<li>El tiempo de realización es decisivo.</li>
<li>Algunos objetos digitales son dificiles de definir.</li>
<li>Puede resultar difícil establecer la procedencia de los materiales digitales.</li>
</ul>
<p>No obstante, hay que añadir la conveniencia de que el repositorio disponga de garantías de seguridad de informática y contra las catástrofes naturales, sin olvidar las incidencias electromagnéticas que pueden afectar al normal funcionamiento de los equipos y a las distintas clases de memorias masivas en las que se almacenan los datos. Por tanto, es aconsejable que se realicen copias de seguridad de al información que serán almacenadas en lugares diferentes de la sede del repositorio digital.</p>
<p><em>Sources: </em></p>
<ul>
<li>Diretrices para la Preservación del Patrimonio Digital from <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001300/130071s.pdf">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001300/130071s.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>La recopilación y Preservación del Patrimonio Digital from <a href="http://bv.gva.es/documentos/Ponencias/Melero.pdf">http://bv.gva.es/documentos/Ponencias/Melero.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Terminología</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/terminologia/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 13:23:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Amanuense: Persona que tiene por oficio escribir a mano, copiando o poniendo en limpio escritos ajenos, o escribiendo lo que se le dicta.
Autenticidad: Garantía del carácter genuino y fidedigno de ciertos materiales digitales, es decir, de que son lo que se afirma de ellos, ya sea objeto original o en tanto que copia conforme y [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=68&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><ul>
<li><strong>Amanuense: </strong>Persona que tiene por oficio escribir a mano, copiando o poniendo en limpio escritos ajenos, o escribiendo lo que se le dicta.</li>
<li><strong>Autenticidad: </strong>Garantía del carácter genuino y fidedigno de ciertos materiales digitales, es decir, de que son lo que se afirma de ellos, ya sea objeto original o en tanto que copia conforme y fiable de un original, realizada mediante procesos perfectamente documentados.</li>
<li><strong>Certificación: </strong>Proceso de evaluacióndel grado en el que un programa de preservación cumple con un conjunto de normas o prácticas mínimas previamente acordadas.</li>
<li><strong>Códice:</strong> <strong> </strong>Libro anterior a la invención de la imprenta.</li>
<li><strong>Colofón:</strong> Anotación al final de los libros, que indica el nombre del impresor y el lugar y fecha de la impresión, o alguna de estas circunstancias.</li>
<li><strong>Copyleft: </strong>Es una forma de licencia y puede ser usado para modificar el derecho de autor de obras o trabajos, tales como software de computadoras, documentos, música, y obras de arte. Bajo tales licencias pueden protegerse una gran diversidad de obras, tales como programas informáticos, arte, cultura y ciencia, es decir prácticamente casi cualquier tipo de producción creativa. Sus partidarios la proponen como alternativa a las restricciones que imponen las normas planteadas en los derechos de autor, a la hora de hacer, modificar y distribuir copias de una obra determinada. Se pretende garantizar así una mayor libertad para que cada receptor de una copia, o una versión derivada de un trabajo, pueda, a su vez, usar, modificar y redistribuir tanto el propio trabajo como las versiones derivadas del mismo. Así, y en un entorno no legal, puede considerarse como opuesto al copyright o derechos de autor tradicionales.</li>
<li><strong>Copyright:</strong> Derecho de autor (El que la ley reconoce al autor de una obra intelectual o artística para autorizar su reproducción y participar en los beneficios que esta genere).</li>
<li><strong>Papel vitela: </strong>Papel liso y sin grano, de gran calidad, cuya superficie permite la reproducción detallada de los dibujos más finos.</li>
<li><strong>Papel rosetta: </strong>Contiene un texto en tres tipos de escritura y su gran importancia radica en haber sido la pieza clave para empezar a descifrar los jeroglíficos de los antiguos egipcios. Es una estela de granito negro, con una inscripción bilingüe (griego y egipcio) de un decreto del faraón Ptolomeo V, en tres formas de escritura: jeroglífica, demótica y griego uncial (con letras mayúsculas); contiene noventa y dos renglones.</li>
<li><strong>Protección de datos:</strong> Operaciones destinadas a resguardar los dígitos binarios que constituyen los objetos digitales de perdidas o de modificaciones no autorizadas.</li>
<li><strong>Objetos conceptuales:</strong> Objetos digitales con los que el ser humano interactúa de manera comprensible para él.</li>
<li><strong>Patrimonio digital:</strong> Conjunto de materiales digitales que poseen el suficiente valor para ser conservados para que se puedan consultar y utilizar en el futuro.</li>
<li><strong>Preservación digital: </strong>Acciones destinadas a mantener la accesibilidad de los objetos digitales a largo plazo.</li>
<li><strong>Filigrana: </strong>Obra formada de hilos de oro y plata, unidos y soldados con mucha perfección y delicadeza.</li>
<li><strong>Glosa: </strong>Explicación o comentario de un texto oscuro o difícil de entender.</li>
<li><strong>Identidad</strong> <strong>de objetos digitales</strong>: característica que permite distinguir un objeto digital del resto, incluidas otras versiones o copias del mismo contenido.</li>
<li><strong>Ingesta:</strong> Operación consistente en almacenar objetos digitales, y la documentación relacionada, de manera segura y ordenada.</li>
<li><strong>Integridad de objetos digitales:</strong> Estado de los objetos que se encuentran completos y que no han sufrido corrupción o alternación alguna no autorizada ni documentada.</li>
<li><strong>Metadatos de preservación:</strong> Metadatos destinados a ayudar a la gestión de la preservación de materiales digitales documentando su identidad, características técnicas, medios de acceso, responsabilidad, historia, contexto y objetivos de preservación.</li>
<li><strong>Miniado:</strong> Pintado, ilustrado de miniatura.</li>
<li><strong>Derechos: </strong>Facultades o poderes legales que se tienen o ejercen con respecto a los materiales digitales, como son los derechos de autor, la privacidad, la confidencialidad y las restricciones nacionales o corporativas impuestas por motivos de seguridad.</li>
<li><strong>Verificación:</strong> Acción de comprobar si un objeto digital, en un formato de fichero dado, está completo y cumple con la especificación de formato.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Fuentes: </em></p>
<ul>
<li>Página web: <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001300/130071s.pdf">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001300/130071s.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Real Academia Española : <a href="http://www.rae.es/rae.html">http://www.rae.es/rae.html</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia libre: <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft">http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Documentación tradicional vs. Documentación digital</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/documentacion-tradicional-vs-documentacion-digital/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 17:05:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Cuando hablamos de documento nos referimos a cualquier unidad de información que haya sido registrada en un soporte que permita su almacenamiento y su posterior recuperación, y por tanto, que permita también una consulta ilimitada.  Este tipo de documento se denomina documentación tradicional o análogica.
No obstante, cuando nos referimos a la documentación digital hay que tener [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=61&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Cuando hablamos de <em>documento</em> nos referimos a cualquier unidad de información que haya sido registrada en un soporte que permita su almacenamiento y su posterior recuperación, y por tanto, que permita también una consulta ilimitada.  Este tipo de documento se denomina <strong>documentación tradicional o análogica</strong>.</p>
<p>No obstante, cuando nos referimos a la <strong>documentación digital</strong> hay que tener en cuenta tres propiedades fundamentales:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Computabilidad</strong>: La información puede ser procesada o &#8220;calculada&#8221; por un ordeandor.</li>
<li><strong>Virtualidad</strong>: La información digital no está sujeta a las limitaciones propias de la analógica.</li>
<li><strong>Capacidad</strong>: Ausencia de limitaciones prácticas en cuanto al volumen de información al que puede tener acceso en línea mediante interfaces unificados.</li>
</ol>
<p>La documentación tradicional o análogica no comparte estas caracterísicas ya que no existe computabilidad alguna puesto que no necesita de ningún aparato para ser leída ni tampoco consta de virtualidad debido a sus limitaciones, ya que sólo ofrece texto e imagen estática, pero no sonido ni imagen animada. Por último, es importante decir que a diferencia de la documentación digital, la tradicional sí tiene limitaciones en cuanto al volumen de información al que se puede tener acceso. Sin embargo, cabe destacar dos de las ventajas de la edición tradicional: la confortabilidad y la practicabilidad ya que siempre se puede llevar y leer a cualquier parte.</p>
<p>Teniendo en cuenta lo previamente dicho, la documentación digital dispone de una serie de ventajas con respecto a la documentación tradicional:</p>
<ul>
<li>Dispone de información multimedia (texto, sonido e imagen).</li>
<li>Es posible la recuperación de la información.</li>
<li>Interactividad (relación entre el lector y el sistema).</li>
<li>La cantidad de información por unidad de volumen es superior.</li>
<li>Permite que el editor se ajuste a los hábitos y gustos de los lactores más jóvenes.</li>
<li>Tiene acceso a los títulos.</li>
<li>Virtualidad (facilidad para ser reproducido, transmitido y almacenado)</li>
</ul>
<p>Aún así, la documentación digital cuenta con los siguientes inconvenientes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Dificultades en la distribución y la venta al detalle.</li>
<li>Mediatización (necesidad de un ordeandor).</li>
<li>Existencia de un número de aparatos de lectura considerable ( aún no masivos).</li>
<li>Poca ergonomía.</li>
<li>Poca información sobre los contenidos.</li>
<li>Precios no tan competiticos comparados con la edición tradicional.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Sources:</em></p>
<ul>
<li><em>Documentos digitales: Definición y características</em> from <a href="http://www.msinfo.info/propuestas/documentos/documentos_digitales.html">http://www.msinfo.info/propuestas/documentos/documentos_digitales.html</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><em>Sistemas de información, las propiedades de la información digita</em>l from <a href="http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2001/diciembre/5.pdf">http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2001/diciembre/5.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><em>La publicación electrónica: la situación actual y perspectivas a medio plazo </em>from <a href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1071179">http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1071179</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Social Bookmarking</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/social-bookmarking/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Oct 2009 15:14:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Digital Resources]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rdf0910]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Social bookmarking is a method for Internet users to share, organize, search, and manage  bookmarks of web resources. Unlike file sharing, the resources themselves are not shared, merely bookmarks that reference them.
In a social bookmarking system users store lists of Internet resources that they consider them as useful. They also categorize the  resources with  &#8217;tags&#8216; or [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=52&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><strong>Social bookmarking</strong> is a method for Internet users to share, organize, search, and manage  <a style="text-decoration:none;color:#002bb8;background-image:none;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-color:initial;" title="Internet bookmark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bookmark">bookmarks</a> of web resources. Unlike file sharing, the <em>resources</em> themselves are not shared, merely bookmarks that<em> reference</em> them.</p>
<p>In a social bookmarking system users store lists of Internet resources that they consider them as useful. They also categorize the  resources with  &#8217;<em>tags</em>&#8216; or &#8216;<em>labels</em>&#8216; which are words given by the users associated with the resource. Most social bookmarking services allow users to search for markers associated with certain &#8216;tags&#8217; and classify in a ranking resources according to the number of users that have marked.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, we can find advantages and disadvantages related to this topic. On the one hand, some of the <strong>advantages</strong> are the following ones:</p>
<ul>
<li>Advantages over other traditional tools as search engines. The ranking of resources is done by humans instead of machines that process information automatically according to a programme.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The most useful resources are marked by more users. In this sense, it creates a ranking of resources based on user criteria. It is a measure of the usefulness of resources.</li>
</ul>
<p>On the other hand, these are the<strong> disadvantages</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>There is no pre-established system of keywords or categories.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Users can create &#8216;tags&#8217; too customized with little meaning for others.</li>
</ul>
<p>In this way, the competition has made that services offer more than share bookmarks and allow votes, comments, import or export, add notes, send email links, automatic notification, rss, create groups and social networks.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter" src="http://jedchan.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/social_bookmarking.png" alt="" width="424" height="424" /></p>
<p><em>Sources: </em></p>
<ul>
<li><em>Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 07-10-09. Fecha de consulta: 14-10-09 from</em> <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcadores_sociales">http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcadores_sociales</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><em>Swissinfo.ch from</em> <a href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/swissinfo.html?siteSect=46&amp;sid=7991124">http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/swissinfo.html?siteSect=46&amp;sid=7991124</a></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color:#282828;font-size:x-large;"><br />
</span></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
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		<title>Characteristics of translation</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2008/05/30/characteristics-of-translation/</link>
		<comments>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2008/05/30/characteristics-of-translation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2008 22:47:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Human Language Technologies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[littera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Q3]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The FEMTI report focuses on the evaluation of MT and other language processing applications. The main characteristics of the translation task according with a FEMTI´S report are the following ones:
1. Assimilation: The ultimate purpose of the assimilation task (of which translation forms a part) is to monitor a (relatively) large volume of texts produced by people [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=43&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The FEMTI report focuses on the evaluation of MT and other language processing applications. The main characteristics of the translation task according with a FEMTI´S report are the following ones:</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">1. Assimilation:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> The ultimate purpose of the assimilation task (of which translation forms a part) is to monitor a (relatively) large volume of texts produced by people outside the organization, in (usually) several languages.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Document routing or sorting:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> The purpose of document routing / sorting is to scan incoming translated documents quickly in order to send them to the appropriate points for further processing or storage. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span>Information extraction or summarization</span></strong>: The purpose of information extraction or summarization is to extract some portion(s) of the translated text, either manually or automatically, for subsequent processing or storage. Information extraction is typically concerned with filling templates by identifying atomic elements of events. <span lang="EN-GB">In contrast, summarization aims to provide a self-contained and internally cohesive text which serves as a selective account of the original.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>Search:</strong> The goal of a search process is to identify a set of documents that together can satisfy an information need. Subtasks include refinement of the searcher&#8217;s understanding of their need, refinement of the expression of that need as a query, and recognition of relevant documents. Automated components of search systems typically accomplish only portions of the required task, leaving the searcher to assess factors (e.g., veracity and completeness) that would be difficult to detect by automated means. Searchers with limited proficiency in languages in which the document are written will require translation support to accomplish information need refinement, query reformulation, and relevant document recognition. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>2.</strong> <strong>Dissemination: </strong>The ultimate purpose of dissemination is to deliver to others a translation of documents produced inside the organization.<strong></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Internal or in-house dissemination: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">In the case of internal / in-house dissemination the translations are sent to other people in the same organization, who share aspects of the culture, terminology, and domain knowledge to some extent.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">External dissemination – publication: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">In the case of external dissemination / export / publication the translations are sent to other people in other organizations, who may not share aspects of the culture, terminology, and domain knowledge.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>3. Communication: </strong>The ultimate purpose of the communication task is to support multi-turn dialogues between people who speak different languages. The translation quality must be high enough for painless conversation, despite possible syntactically ill-formed input and idiosyncratic word and format usage. The ultimate purpose of dissemination is to deliver to others a translation of documents produced inside the organization.<strong></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Synchronous communication: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">In the case of synchronous or interactive communication, the interaction between the participants occurs in real time.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Asynchronous communication: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">In the case of asynchronous or delayed communication the interaction between participants occurs with interruption, for example by email.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-GB"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://access2interpreters.com/images/TranslationR.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="252" /></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sources:</span></span></em></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em><span lang="EN-GB">FEMTI, a Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> <span> </span>from </span></span></span><a href="http://www.issco.unige.ch/projects/isle/femti/"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://www.issco.unige.ch/projects/isle/femti/</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em><span lang="EN-GB">Printable version of FEMTI</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> from </span></span></span><a href="http://www.issco.unige.ch:8080/cocoon/femti/printable.html"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://www.issco.unige.ch:8080/cocoon/femti/printable.html</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em><span lang="EN-GB">Finding the System that Suits you Best: Towards the Normalization of MT Evaluation</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> from </span></span></span><a href="http://andreipb.free.fr/textes/aslib2005-femti.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://andreipb.free.fr/textes/aslib2005-femti.pdf</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Concepts relationated with translation</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2008/05/28/concepts-relationated-with-translation/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2008 23:45:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Human Language Technologies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[littera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Q3]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
There are some common concepts which are relationated with the translation world.
Machine Translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT, is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=45&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN"></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">There are some common concepts which are relationated with the translation world.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong><span lang="EN">Machine Translation</span></strong><span lang="EN">, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation <strong>MT</strong>, is a sub-field of <a title="Computational linguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics">computational linguistics</a> that investigates the use of <a title="Computer software" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software">computer software</a> to <a title="Translation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation">translate</a> text or speech from one <a title="Natural language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language">natural language</a> to another. At its basic level, MT performs simple <a title="Substitution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution">substitution</a> of words in one natural language for words in another. Using <a title="Corpus linguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics">corpus</a> techniques, more complex translations may be attempted, allowing for better handling of differences in <a title="Linguistic typology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology">linguistic typology</a>, phrase <a title="Recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition">recognition</a>, and translation of <a title="Idiom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom">idioms</a>, as well as the isolation of anomalies.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN">C</span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">omputer-Assisted T</span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN">ranslation </span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">(</span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN">CAT</span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">)</span></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN"> is a form of</span></span><span lang="EN"> <a title="Translation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation">translation</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>wherein a human translator translates texts using</span></span> <a title="Computer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer">computer</a> <a title="Computer software" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software">software</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>designed to support and facilitate the </span></span><a title="Translation process" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_process">translation process</a>.<span class="NormalWebCar"><span>Computer-assisted translation is sometimes called machine-assisted, or machine-aided, translation.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0;"><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Translation Technology</span></strong></span><strong><span lang="EN">: </span></strong><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">It is the action of</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN"><a title="Hermeneutics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics">interpretation</a> </span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">of the</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN"><a title="Meaning (linguistic)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_%28linguistic%29">meaning</a> </span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">of a text, and subsequent production of an </span></span><span lang="EN"><a title="Dynamic and formal equivalence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence">equivalent</a> </span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">text, also called a translation,</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB">that communicates the same</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span class="NormalWebCar"><a title="Message" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;" lang="EN-GB">message</span></a></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN-GB"> in another language. </span>The text to be translated is called the</span><span> <span lang="EN"><a title="Source text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_text">source text</a>, </span></span><span class="NormalWebCar">and the language it is to be translated into is called the </span><span lang="EN"><a title="Target language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_language">target language</a>; </span><span class="NormalWebCar">the final product is sometimes called the &#8220;target text”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0;"><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN">Management</span></strong></span><span class="NormalWebCar"><span lang="EN"> in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises</span></span><span lang="EN"> <a title="Planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning">planning</a>, <a title="Organizing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing">organizing</a>, <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>resourcing</span></span>, <a title="Leadership" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership">leading</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>or directing, and</span></span> <a title="Controlling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling">controlling</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>an </span></span><a title="Organization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization">organization</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>(a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of </span></span><a title="Human resources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources">human resources</a>, <a title="Financial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial">financial</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>resources,</span></span> <a title="Technological" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological">technological</a> <span class="NormalWebCar"><span>resources, and</span></span> <a title="Natural resources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources">natural resources</a>.Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p></span></span><font size="3"> </p>
<p></font></span> </p>
<p><img class="aligncenter" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/4195TY0JXAL._SL500_AA240_.jpg" alt="" width="240" height="240" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sources:</span></span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 07-05-08. Fecha de consulta: 28-05-08 from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 09-05-08. Fecha de consulta: 28-05-08 from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 17-05-08. Fecha de consulta: 28-05-08 from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_technology"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_technology</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span><span style="font-size:small;">·</span><span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 16-05-08. Fecha de consulta: 28-05-08 from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management</span></a></p>
<p> </p>
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		<title>Grammar Induction</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2008/05/19/grammar-induction/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2008 22:44:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Human Language Technologies]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Grammar Induction, also known as Grammatical Inference, is the usual name given to the process of learning (inferring) a grammar from a set of sample strings, and, in view of the equivalences that may be established between grammars and automata, the task of learning an automaton from a set of sample strings may also be [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=42&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span class="NormalWebCar"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Grammar Induction</span></strong></span><span lang="EN-GB">, also known as Grammatical Inference, is the usual name given to the process of learning (inferring) a grammar from a set of sample strings, and, in view of the equivalences that may be established between grammars and automata, the task of learning an automaton from a set of sample strings may also be called grammatical inference.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Grammatical inference is usually formulated in terms of learning recognition or classification tasks from sets in which all strings are labelled as belonging to one or another class (language); however, tasks such as learning a finite-state machine</span><a name="2669"></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> that transducer (translates) strings from one language into strings</span><a name="2670"></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> from another language or learning a probabilistic finite-state machine t</span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">hat generates strings following a certain probability distribution</span><a name="2673"></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> may also be formulated as grammatical inference t</span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">asks. </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em></em></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-style:normal;" lang="EN-GB">Learning Recursive Transition Networks </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">(It works by converting grammatically correct sentences into transition networks that are similar to finite state diagrams).<em><span style="font-style:normal;">Learning CFG using Version Spaces, Learning NPDA using Genetic Search </span></em>and<em><span style="font-style:normal;"> Learning Deterministic CFG using Connectionist Networks.</span></em> </span></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">It should be also mentioned that there are different models of grammar Induction, such as learning from examples, learning using examples and queries, incremental VS non incremental learning, distribution free models of learning, learning under various distributional assumptions, Impossibility results, complexity results ans finally characterizations of representational and search biases of grammar induction algorithms.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><em>Sources:</em></span></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span class="NormalWebCar"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Grammar Induction. Fecha de consulta: 19-05-08 <span> </span>from </span></span><a href="http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pdupont/pdupont/gram.html"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pdupont/pdupont/gram.html</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span class="NormalWebCar"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Grammar inference. Fecha de consulta: 19-05-08 <span> </span>from </span></span><a href="http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~mlf/nnafmc/pbook/node70.html"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~mlf/nnafmc/pbook/node70.html</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></p>
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		<title>Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)</title>
		<link>http://tamaragc79.wordpress.com/2008/05/07/word-sense-disambiguation-wsd/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2008 19:36:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tamaragc79</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Human Language Technologies]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is one of the topics where The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group is focused on. It’s relation with the translation issue.
In computational linguistics, word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the process of identifying which sense of a word (having a number of distinct senses) is used in a given sentence. For example, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=39&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p style="text-align:left;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Word Sense Disambiguation</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> (WSD) is one of the topics where The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group is focused on. It’s relation with the translation issue.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In<span> <span lang="EN"><a title="Computational linguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, </span></span>word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the process of identifying which<span> <span lang="EN"><a title="Word sense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense">sense</a> </span></span>of a<span> <span lang="EN"><a title="Word" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word">word</a> </span></span>(having a number of distinct senses) is used in a given<span> <span lang="EN"><a title="Sentence (linguistics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29">sentence</a>. </span></span>For example, consider the word bass, two distinct senses of which are:<span lang="EN"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span lang="EN">1. A type of fish </span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span lang="EN">2. Tones of low frequency </span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span lang="EN-GB">The automatic disambiguation of word senses has been an interest and concern since the earliest days of computer treatment of language in the 1950&#8217;s. Sense disambiguation is an” intermediate task” (Wilks and Stevenson, 1996) which is not an end in itself, but rather is necessary at one level or another to accomplish most natural language processing tasks. It is obviously essential for language understanding applications such as message understanding, man-machine communication, etc.; it is at least helpful, and in some instances required, for applications whose aim is not language understanding:</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Machine translation: </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">sense disambiguation is essential for the proper translation of words.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span><em>Information retrieval and hypertext navigation: </em>when searching for specific keywords, it is desirable to eliminate occurrences in documents where the word or words are used in an inappropriate sense.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">C<em>ontent and thematic analysis: </em>a common approach to content and thematic analysis is to analyze the distribution of pre-defined categories of words across a text.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Grammatical analysis: </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">sense disambiguation is useful for part of speech tagging.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Speech processing: </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">sense disambiguation is required for correct phonetization of words in speech synthesis.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Text processing: </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">sense disambiguation is necessary for spelling correction.</span></p>
<p>There’s are some WSD paradigms that have been proposed for machine translation (MT), which are:</p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Knowledge-based approaches: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">depend on manual linguistic knowledge and disambiguation rules. </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Corpus-based approaches</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">: make use of knowledge taken from text using machine learning techniques. </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Hybrid approaches</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">: mix characteristics of the two previous ones. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span lang="EN-GB">Nowadays, the most used ones in the recent works are the corpus-based and the hybrid techniques because they have very good results.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.wsdbook.org/cover-large.jpg" alt="" width="325" height="497" /></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p></span><em>Sources:</em><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. </span>Última modificación: 03-05-08. Fecha de consulta: 07-05-08 from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguation">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguation</a><span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-GB"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &quot;">        </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Ide, Nancy; Veronis, Jean: (1998), <em>Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art. </em>Retrieved </span><span lang="EN-GB">17:28</span><span lang="EN-GB">, </span><span lang="EN-GB">May 13th, 2008</span><span lang="EN-GB"> from </span><a href="http://sites.univ-provence.fr/veronis/pdf/1998wsd.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB">http://sites.univ-provence.fr/veronis/pdf/1998wsd.pdf</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
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		<title>Topics about Machine Learning</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 05 May 2008 19:32:03 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Human Language Technologies]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning is concerned with the design and development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to &#8220;learn&#8221;. At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive. Inductive machine learning methods extract rules and patterns out of massive data sets.
The major focus of machine [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=tamaragc79.wordpress.com&blog=1850142&post=38&subd=tamaragc79&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">As a broad subfield of <span lang="EN"><a title="Artificial intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <strong>machine learning</strong> is concerned with the design and development of <a title="Algorithm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithms</a> and techniques that allow computers to &#8220;learn&#8221;. At a general level, there are two types of learning: <a title="Inductive reasoning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning">inductive</a>, and <a title="Deductive reasoning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning">deductive</a>. Inductive machine learning methods extract rules and patterns out of massive data sets.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">The major focus of machine learning research is to extract information from data automatically, by computational and statistical methods. Hence, machine learning is closely related not only to </span><a title="Data mining" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">data mining</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> and </span><a title="Statistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">statistics</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, but also </span><a title="Theoretical computer science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">theoretical computer science</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span class="mw-headline"><strong><span lang="EN">Applications</span></strong></span><strong></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Machine learning has a wide spectrum of applications including </span><a title="Natural language processing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">natural language processing</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Syntactic pattern recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_pattern_recognition"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">syntactic pattern recognition</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Search engines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">search engines</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Diagnosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">medical diagnosis</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Brain-machine interfaces" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-machine_interfaces"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">brain-machine interfaces</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> and </span><a title="Cheminformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">cheminformatics</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, detecting </span><a title="Credit card fraud" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_fraud"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">credit card fraud</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Stock market" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">stock market</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> analysis, classifying </span><a title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">DNA sequences</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Speech recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">speech</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> and </span><a title="Handwriting recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting_recognition"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">handwriting recognition</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Object recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">object recognition</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> in </span><a title="Computer vision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">computer vision</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">, </span><a title="Strategy game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_game"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">game playing</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;"> and </span><a title="Robot locomotion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">robot locomotion</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span class="mw-headline"><strong><span lang="EN">Human interaction</span></strong></span><strong></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Some machine learning systems attempt to eliminate the need for human intuition in the analysis of the data, while others adopt a collaborative approach between human and machine. Human intuition cannot be entirely eliminated since the designer of the system must specify how the data is to be represented and what mechanisms will be used to search for a characterization of the data. Machine learning can be viewed as an attempt to automate parts of the </span><a title="Scientific method" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">scientific method</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">.<strong></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Some statistical machine learning researchers create methods within the framework of </span><a title="Bayesian statistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Bayesian statistics</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">We can find a lot of references about this topic. One of them is The Edimburgh Machine Learning Group.</span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">The Edinburgh Machine Learning Group &#8211; part of the</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/"><span lang="EN-GB">Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation (ANC)</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">, </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/"><span lang="EN-GB">School of Informatics</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The group focuses on probabilistic and information theoretic approaches to machine learning problems. There is a significant emphasis on problems in image modelling/interpretation and stochastic processes, as well as an interest in manifold learning, clustering methods and signal analysis. Much of the group&#8217;s work is applied to problems of scientific inference, including research in areas of astronomy, remote sensing, meteorology, medical imaging, medical signal processing, neuro-informatics and bio-informatics.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-GB">This Machine Learning has strong associations with other groups within and out with the </span><span lang="EN-GB">School</span><span lang="EN-GB"> of </span><span lang="EN-GB">Informatics</span><span lang="EN-GB">. It also has a paper discussion meeting approximately fortnightly. This is called the</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/machine-learning/pigs/"><span lang="EN-GB">Probabilistic Inference Group (PIGS</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">). </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">As we can see, it is an interesting Machine Learning which has important and useful works.</span></span></p>
<p><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sources:</span></span></span></em></p>
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<li><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Última modificación: 28-04-08. Fecha de consulta: 05-05-08. </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning</span></a></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">The Edinburgh Machine Learning Group from </span><a href="http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/machine-learning/"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/machine-learning/</span></a></span></li>
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